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City in Florida, U.s.

Miami Beach, Florida
City
Southern portion of Miami Beach with downtown Miami in groundwork (2006)
Seal
Location in Miami-Dade County and the land of Florida
U.S. Census Bureau map showing city limits
Coordinates: 25°48′46.89″Northward eighty°8′2.63″Westward  /  25.8130250°N 80.1340639°West  / 25.8130250; -80.1340639 Coordinates: 25°48′46.89″Northward 80°8′2.63″Due west  /  25.8130250°Due north 80.1340639°W  / 25.8130250; -80.1340639
Country	United States
State	Florida
Canton	Miami-Dade
Incorporated	March 26, 1915
Government
• Type	Commission-Manager
• Mayor	Dan Gelber[1]
• Vice Mayor	Steven Meiner
• City Managing director	Alina T. Hudak
• City Clerk	Rafael Due east. Granado
Surface area [2]
• City	15.22 sq mi (39.42 kmtwo)
• Land	7.69 sq mi (19.92 kmii)
• H2o	7.53 sq mi (19.49 km2)  62.37%
Top [3]	4 ft (1.2 g)
Population (2020)
• City	82,890
• Density	x,774.73/sq mi (4,160.38/km2)
• Metro	v,564,635
Fourth dimension zone	UTC−5 (EST)
• Summertime (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
Zip codes	33109, 33139, 33140, 33141.
Area code(southward)	305, 786
FIPS lawmaking	12-45025[4]
GNIS feature ID	286750[v]
Website	miamibeachfl.gov

Miami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, Us. It was incorporated on March 26, 1915.^{[half dozen]} The municipality is located on natural and man-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Body of water and Biscayne Bay, the latter of which separates the Beach from the mainland city of Miami. The neighborhood of Southward Beach, comprising the southernmost 2.5 square miles (vi.five km²) of Miami Beach, along with Downtown Miami and the Port of Miami, collectively form the commercial center of Due south Florida.^[seven] Miami Embankment's population is 82,890 according to the 2020 census.^[8] Miami Beach is the 26th largest city in Florida based on official 2019 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau.^[9] Information technology has been 1 of America's pre-eminent beach resorts since the early 20th century.

In 1979, Miami Beach's Art Deco Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Art Deco District is the largest collection of Art Deco architecture in the earth^[10] and comprises hundreds of hotels, apartments and other structures erected between 1923 and 1943. Mediterranean, Streamline Moderne and Art Deco are all represented in the District. The Celebrated District is bounded by the Atlantic Bounding main on the East, Lenox Court on the Westward, 6th Street on the South and Dade Boulevard along the Collins Culvert to the Northward. The move to preserve the Art Deco District'southward architectural heritage was led by the belatedly one-time interior designer Barbara Baer Capitman, who at present has a street in the District named in her honor.

Government [edit]

Miami Beach is governed past a formalism mayor and six commissioners. Although the mayor runs commission meetings, the mayor and all commissioners have equal voting power and are elected past popular election. The mayor serves for terms of two years with a term limit of iii terms and commissioners serve for terms of four years and are express to 2 terms. Commissioners are voted for citywide and every two years iii commission seats are voted upon.

A city manager is responsible for administering governmental operations. An appointed city manager is responsible for assistants of the city.^[xi] The City Clerk and the City Attorney are also appointed officials.

History [edit]

In 1870, begetter and son Henry and Charles Lum purchased state on Miami Beach for 75 cents an acre. The first structure to exist built on this uninhabited oceanfront was the Biscayne House of Refuge, synthetic in 1876 by the United States Life-Saving Service through an executive order issued by President Ulysses S. Grant,^[12] at approximately 72nd Street. Its purpose was to provide food, water, and a return to civilization for people who were shipwrecked. The structure, which had fallen into disuse by the time the Life-Saving Service became the U.S. Declension Baby-sit in 1915, was destroyed in the 1926 Miami Hurricane and never rebuilt.

John S. Collins, founding programmer of Miami Beach

Opening of the Collins Bridge, 1913, then the longest wooden bridge in the globe

The next footstep in the development of the future Miami Beach was the planting of a coconut plantation along the shore in the 1880s by New Bailiwick of jersey entrepreneurs Ezra Osborn and Elnathan T. Field, but this was a failed venture.^[xiii] One of the investors in the project was agriculturist John S. Collins, who accomplished success by buying out other partners and planting different crops, notably avocados, on the land that would after become Miami Beach. In fact, the pine trees on today's Pinetree Drive served as an erosion buffer for Collins' plantations.^[fourteen] Meanwhile, across Biscayne Bay, the City of Miami was established in 1896 with the arrival of the railroad and developed farther as a port when the shipping channel of Government Cutting was created in 1905, cut off Fisher Island from the due south cease of the Miami Beach peninsula.

Collins' family members saw the potential in developing the beach as a resort. This effort got underway in the early years of the 20th century by the Collins/Pancoast family, the Lummus brothers (bankers from Miami) and Indianapolis entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher. Until then, the beach here was only the destination for day-trips by ferry from Miami, across the bay. By 1912, Collins and Pancoast were working together to clear the land, plant crops, supervise the construction of canals to get their avocado crop to market and set up the Miami Embankment Improvement Company.^[15] In that location were bathhouses and food stands, only no hotel until Chocolate-brown's Hotel was congenital in 1915 (still standing, at 112 Sea Drive). Much of the interior landmass at that time was a tangled jungle of mangroves. Clearing it, deepening the channels and water bodies, and eliminating native growth almost everywhere in favor of landfill for evolution, was expensive. One time a 1600-acre, jungle-disordered sand bar three miles out in the Atlantic, it grew to two,800 acres when dredging and filling operations were completed.^[xvi]

Carl Thou. Fisher (1909 photo)

With loans from the Lummus brothers, Collins had begun work on a 2½-mile-long wooden bridge, the globe's longest wooden bridge at the time, to connect the island to the mainland. When funds ran dry and construction work stalled, Indianapolis millionaire and recent Miami transplant Fisher intervened, providing the financing needed to complete the Collins Bridge the post-obit year in return for a country bandy deal.^[15] That transaction kicked off the island's kickoff existent estate blast. The Collins Span price over $150,000^[17] and opened on June 12, 1913.^[eighteen] Fisher helped past organizing an annual speed gunkhole regatta, and past promoting Miami Embankment as an Atlantic City-style playground and wintertime retreat for the wealthy. By 1915, Lummus, Collins, Pancoast, and Fisher were all living in mansions on the island, three hotels and 2 bathhouses had been erected, an aquarium built, and an xviii-hole golf course landscaped.

The Town of Miami Embankment was chartered on March 26, 1915; it grew to get a Metropolis in 1917. Even later the boondocks was incorporated in 1915 under the name of Miami Beach, many visitors thought of the beach strip every bit Alton Beach, indicating but how well Fisher had advertised his interests at that place. The Lummus belongings was chosen Ocean Beach, with only the Collins interests previously referred to as Miami Beach.^[6] In 1925, the Collins Span was replaced past the Venetian Causeway, described as "a series of drawbridges and renamed the Venetian Causeway".^[17]

Aerial view of the Flamingo Hotel, circa 1922

Carl Fisher was the main promoter of Miami Beach's development in the 1920s as the site for wealthy industrialists from the northward and Midwest to and build their winter homes here. Many other Northerners were targeted to holiday on the island. To accommodate the wealthy tourists, several g hotels were built, among them: The Flamingo Hotel, The Fleetwood Hotel, The Floridian, The Nautilus, and the Roney Plaza Hotel. In the 1920s, Fisher and others created much of Miami Beach as landfill by dredging Biscayne Bay; this man-fabricated territory includes Star, Palm, and Hibiscus Islands, the Sunset Islands, much of Normandy Isle, and all of the Venetian Islands except Belle Island. The Miami Embankment peninsula became an island in April 1925 when Haulover Cutting was opened, connecting the body of water to the bay, north of present-day Bal Harbour. The keen 1926 Miami hurricane put an terminate to this prosperous era of the Florida Boom, but in the 1930s Miami Beach still attracted tourists, and investors constructed the more often than not small-scale-scale, stucco hotels and rooming houses, for seasonal rental, that contain much of the present "Art Deco" celebrated district.

Roller skating waitresses at Roney Plaza Hotel, 1939

Carl Fisher brought Steve Hannagan to Miami Beach in 1925 as his chief publicist.^[19] Hannagan set-up the Miami Beach News Bureau and notified news editors that they could "Print anything you desire near Miami Beach; merely brand sure you get our name right."^[20] The News Bureau sent thousands of pictures of bathing beauties and press releases to columnists similar Walter Winchell and Ed Sullivan.^[20] One of Hannagan'southward favorite venues was a billboard in Times Foursquare, New York City, where he ran two taglines: "'Information technology's always June in Miami Beach' and 'Miami Beach, Where Summer Spends the Winter.'"^[21]

Anti-semitism was rampant in the 1920s and into the 30s. Developer Carl Fisher would sell belongings only to gentiles and then Jews were required to live south of Fifth Street. As recently as the 1930s, hotels refused to have Jews.^[22] As the 1930s developed, the "dismantling on Miami Beach of restrictive barriers to Jewish ownership of real estate" was underway; many Jews bought properties from others.^[23]

Simply a few embankment area were open up to buildings by Jews in 1947 when Temple Emanu-El was built

By the 1940s and 50s, an increasing number of Jewish families built hotels. The first "skyscraper" was the 18-story Lord Tarleton Hotel built in 1940 by Samuel Jacobs. The Jewish mobster Meyer Lansky, who ran some "carpet joints" (gambling operations) in Florida past 1936,^[24] and eventually controlled casinos in Republic of cuba and Las Vegas, retired in Miami and died in Miami Beach.^{[25] [26]}

Temple Menorah developed from an earlier Jewish Center built in 1951

During the Second World War, Jewish doctors were not granted staff privileges at whatever area hospitals and so the community built Mount Sinai Medical Center (Miami) on Miami Embankment.^[23] The North Shore Jewish Center was built in 1951 and became Temple Menorah after an expansion in 1963.^[27]

Post–World War II economic expansion brought a wave of immigrants to South Florida from the Northern United States, which significantly increased the population in Miami Beach within a few decades. After Fidel Castro's rising to ability in 1959, a wave of Cuban refugees entered S Florida and dramatically changed the demographic make-up of the expanse. In 2017, one study named aught lawmaking 33109 (Fisher Island, a 216-acre island located merely s of Miami Embankment), as having the quaternary most expensive home sales and the highest average annual income ($2.5 million) in 2015.^[28]

The sunday and warm climate attracted many Jewish families and retirees. One estimate states that "xx,000 elderly Jews" were function of the population of the embankment in the late 1970s".^[29] In a 2017 interview, a demographer from the Academy of Miami estimated that in that location "might have been as many as 70,000 Jews in Miami Beach at one bespeak" failing to "around xix,000 in 2014". The decline was motivated partly by "increasing prices during the art deco motion and an increment in offense and changing cultural demographics".^[30]

In 1980 nevertheless, 62 pct of the population of Miami Embankment was still Jewish. During the 1980s many of the Jewish citizens left and moved to "Delray Beach, Lake Worth and Boca Raton".^[31] During the 1990s, South Beach transformed into a domicile of the fashion industry and celebrities.^[32] In 1999, there were only 10,000 Jewish people living in Miami Beach.^{[33] [34]}

Timeline [edit]

Timeline of Miami Beach, Florida

• 1896 – City of Miami founded with the recent arrival extension Henry Flagler's FEC railroad.
• 1905 – Regime Cut manmade shipping aqueduct created separating Miami Embankment and Fisher Island.
• 1912 – Miami Embankment Improvement Company founded.^{[half dozen]}
• 1913 – Collins Bridge (now Venetian Causeway), start span between Miami and Miami Beach, congenital.^[35]
• 1915
  • Miami Embankment incorporated.^[36]
  • John Newton Lummus becomes first mayor of Miami Beach.^[6]
  • Dark-brown's Hotel beginning hotel congenital in Miami Beach, still standing today at 112 Sea Bulldoze.
• 1920
  • Population: 644.
  • County Causeway (now MacArthur Causeway) connecting Miami and Miami Beach opens.
• 1925
  • Venetian Causeway opens.
  • Miami Beach becomes an island when the Haulover cut opens in April connecting the bounding main to the bay just northward of Bal Harbour, Florida
• 1926
  • Miami Embankment sustains significant impairment from 1926 Miami hurricane
• 1928
  • Al Capone buys holding in Miami Beach.^[35]
  • 1928 – 79th Street Causeway built to connect Miami Beach to Hialeah Park Race Rail.^[37]
• 1930 – Population: half-dozen,494.
• 1935 – Many of the famous Art Deco hotels along electric current day Sea Drive are built between 1935 and 1941 earlier the onset of WWII ends construction. Colony (1935), Savoy Plaza (1935), The Tides (1936), Surf Hotel (1936), Beacon (1936), Cavalier (1936), Leslie (1937), Park Central (1937), Barbizon (1937), Waldorf Towers (1937), Victor (1937), Clevelander (1938), Crescent (1938), Carlyle (1939), Cardozo (1939), Winterhaven (1939), Bentley (1939), Breakwater (1939), Imperial (1939), Royal (1940), Avalon (1941), Betsy Ross Hotel (1941), St. Charles (1941), Clyde Hotel (1941).
• 1937 – WKAT radio begins broadcasting.^[38]
• 1940 – Population: 28,012.
• 1954 – Fontainebleau Hotel in business.
• 1958 – Miami Beach Convention Center opens.
• 1959 – Miami International Airport dedicated virtually Miami Beach.^[39]
• 1960 – Population: 63,145.
• 1961 – The Julia Tuttle Causeway betwixt Miami and Miami Beach opens.
• 1968 – Baronial: 1968 Republican National Convention held in Miami Beach.
• 1971 – Annual South Florida Auto Testify begins.
• 1972 – July: 1972 Autonomous National Convention held in Miami Beach.
• 1972 – August: 1972 Republican National Convention held in Miami Beach.
• 1973 – February: A mentally ill man firebombs a crowded cafeteria on Collins Avenue, killing 3 people and injuring about 130.
• 1977 – September: 35th Globe Scientific discipline Fiction Convention held in Miami Beach.
• 1979 – Much of Miami South Beach area becomes a celebrated preservation zone.
• 1984 – Popular NBC TV prove Miami Vice filmed in many locations in Miami and Miami Embankment for five seasons between 1984 and 1989.
• 1997 – July 15: Fashion designer Gianni Versace killed at Casa Casuarina.^[35]
• 2000 – Blue and Dark-green Diamond hello-rises built.
• 2001 – Murano at Portofino hi-rise built.
• 2002
  • Almanac international Fine art Basel Miami Beach (art fair) begins.^[40]
  • Continuum hullo-rising built
• 2004 – Setai Hotel and ICON howdy-ascent built.
• 2007 – Matti Herrera Bower becomes mayor.
• 2010 – Population: 87,779.^{[41] [42]}
• 2011 – November 1: Miami Beach mayoral election, 2011 held; Bower stays in office.
• 2013 – Philip Levine becomes mayor.
• 2015 – November 3: Miami Beach mayoral ballot, 2015 held; Levine stays in office.
• 2021 – Miami becomes first metropolis to buy Bitcoin.

Culture [edit]

South Beach (also known as SoBe, or simply the Beach), the area from Biscayne Street (as well known equally Southward Pointe Drive) one block due south of 1st Street to nearly 23rd Street, is 1 of the more popular areas of Miami Embankment. Although topless sunbathing by women has not been officially legalized, female toplessness is tolerated on Southward Embankment and in a few hotel pools on Miami Beach.^{[43] [44]} Before the Television bear witness Miami Vice helped make the expanse pop, SoBe was nether urban blight, with vacant buildings and a high crime rate. Today, it is considered one of the richest commercial areas on the beach, yet poverty and crime still remain in some places near the area.^[45]

Miami Embankment, particularly Ocean Drive of what is now the Art Deco District, was also featured prominently in the 1983 feature film Scarface and the 1996 one-act The Birdcage.

Lincoln Road, running east–westward parallel between 16th and 17th Streets, is a nationally known spot for outdoor dining and shopping and features galleries of well known designers, artists and photographers such as Romero Britto, Peter Lik, and Jonathan Adler.^{[ citation needed ]}. In 2015, the Miami Beach residents passed a police forbidding bicycling, rollerblading, skateboarding and other motorized vehicles on Lincoln Route during busy pedestrian hours between 9:00 am and 2:00 am.^[46]

Historic preservation [edit]

Map of Miami Beach historic districts as of January 17, 2018.

By the 1970s, jet travel had enabled vacationers from the northern parts of the U.s.a. to travel to the Caribbean and other warm-conditions climates in the winter. Miami Beach's economic system suffered. Elderly retirees, many with little coin, dominated the population of Southward Beach.^[47]

To help revive the area, city planners and developers sought to bulldoze many of the aging art deco buildings that were congenital in the 1930s. Past 1 count, the city had over 800 art deco buildings within its borders.^[47]

In 1976, Barbara Baer Capitman and a group of swain activists formed the Miami Design Preservation League (MDPL) to try to halt the devastation of the historic buildings in South Beach.^[47] Later battling local developers and Washington DC bureaucrats, MDPL prevailed in its quest to have the Miami Embankment Art Deco District named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. While the recognition did not offer protection for the buildings from demolition, information technology succeeded in drawing attending to the plight of the buildings.^[48]

Due in office to the newfound awareness of the art deco buildings, vacationers, tourists and Idiot box, and pic crews were drawn to South Beach. Investors began to rehabilitate hotels, restaurants and apartment buildings in the area.^[49]

Despite the enthusiasm for the historic buildings by many, there were no real protections for historic buildings. As wrecking crews threatened buildings, MDPL members protested by belongings marches and candlelight vigils. In one case, protestors stood in front of a hotel blocking bulldozers as they approached a hotel.^[50]

After many years of attempt, the Miami Beach city commission created the first two celebrated preservation districts in 1986. The districts covered Espanola Mode and near of Sea Bulldoze and Collins Avenue in South Beach. The designation of the districts helped protect buildings from sabotage and created standards for renovation.^[51]

While some developers continued to focus on demolition, several investors like Tony Goldman and Ian Schrager bought art deco hotels and transformed them into world famous hot spots in the '80s and '90s. Among the celebrities that frequented Miami Beach were Madonna, Sylvester Stallone, Cher, Oprah Winfrey and Gianni Versace.^[52]

Additional historic districts were created in 1992. The new districts covered Lincoln Road, Collins Avenue between 16th and 22nd Streets and the expanse effectually the Bass Museum.^[53] In 2005, the city began the process of protecting the mid-century buildings on Collins Avenue between 43rd to 53rd Streets including the Fontainebleau and Eden Roc Hotels.^[54] Several North Embankment neighborhoods were designated as historic in 2018. A big collection of MiMo (Miami Modern) buildings tin can be establish in the surface area.^[55]

The Arts [edit]

Jackie Gleason hosted his Jackie Gleason and His American Scene Magazine (September 29, 1962 – June four, 1966) television show, after moving it from New York to Miami Beach in 1964, reportedly considering he liked year-round access to the golf course at the nearby Inverrary Land Club in Lauderhill (where he built his last habitation). His closing line became, virtually invariably, "As e'er, the Miami Beach audience is the greatest audition in the world!" In the Autumn 1966 tv flavour, he abandoned the American Scene Magazine format and converted the bear witness into a standard variety hour with guest performers. The show was renamed The Jackie Gleason Show, lasting from September 17, 1966 – September 12, 1970. He started the 1966–1967 flavor with new, color episodes of The Honeymooners, with Sheila MacRae and Jane Kean as Alice Kramden and Trixie Norton, respectively. The regular cast included Fine art Carney equally Ed Norton; Milton Berle was a frequent guest star. The show was shot in color on videotape at the Miami Beach Auditorium (later renamed the Jackie Gleason Theatre of the Performing Arts), now known as Fillmore Miami Embankment, and Gleason never tired of promoting the "lord's day and fun upper-case letter of the world" on photographic camera. CBS canceled the series in 1970.

Each December, the Metropolis of Miami Beach hosts Art Basel Miami Beach, one of the largest art shows in the United States. Art Basel Miami Beach, the sis event to the Fine art Basel consequence held each June in Basel, Switzerland, combines an international selection of top galleries with a program of special exhibitions, parties and crossover events featuring music, motion picture, architecture, and pattern. Exhibition sites are located in the city's Fine art Deco District, and ancillary events are scattered throughout the greater Miami metropolitan surface area.

The first Art Basel Miami Embankment was held in 2002.^[56] In 2016, about 77,000 people attended the fair.^[57] The 2017 show featured about 250 galleries at the Miami Beach Convention Center.^[58]

Miami Beach is home to the New World Symphony, established in 1987 under the artistic management of Michael Tilson Thomas. In Jan 2011, the New Earth Symphony made a highly publicized move into the New World Centre building designed by Canadian American Pritzker Prize-winning architect Frank Gehry. Gehry is famous for his pattern of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California. The new Gehry building offers Alive Wallcasts™,^[59] which permit visitors to experience select events throughout the season at the half-acre, outdoor Miami Beach SoundScape through the use of visual and audio engineering science on a 7,000-square-pes (650 g²) project wall.

Miami beach is likewise dwelling to Miami New Drama, the resident theater visitor at the historic Colony Theatre on Lincoln Road. The regional theater company was founded in 2016 by Venezuelan playwright and managing director, Michel Hausmann, and playwright, director, and Medal of the Arts winner,^[60] Moises Kaufman.^[61] In Oct 2016, Miami New Drama took over operations of the Colony Theatre,^[62] and since then, the 417-seat Art Deco venue hosts Miami New Drama's theatrical season as well as other live events.^[63]

The Miami City Ballet, a ballet company founded in 1985, is housed in a 63,000-square-human foot (5,900 one thousand²) building near Miami Beach's Bass Museum of Art.

The Miami Beach Festival of the Arts is an almanac outdoor fine art festival that was begun in 1974.

[edit]

Miami Beach is home to several Orthodox Jewish communities with a network of well-established synagogues and yeshivas, the commencement of which being the Landow Yeshiva, a Chabad institution in performance for over 30 years. There is also a liberal Jewish customs containing such famous synagogues as Temple Emanu-El, Temple Beth Shalom and Cuban Hebrew Congregation. Miami Beach is also a magnet for Jewish families, retirees, and particularly snowbirds when the common cold wintertime sets into the north. These visitors range from the Modern Orthodox to the Haredi and Hasidic – including many rebbes who vacation there during the North American winter. Till his death in 1991, the Nobel laureate writer Isaac Bashevis Singer lived in the northern end of Miami Beach and breakfasted often at Sheldon's drugstore on Harding Avenue.

There are many kosher restaurants and even kollels for post-graduate Talmudic scholars, such as the Miami Beach Community Kollel. Miami Beach had roughly 60,000 people in Jewish households, 62 pct of the total population in 1982, simply only 16,500, or 19 percentage of the population in 2004, said Ira Sheskin, a demographer at the University of Miami who conducts surveys in one case a decade.^{[ commendation needed ]} The Miami Beach Jewish community had decreased in size by 1994 due to migration to wealthier areas and crumbling of the population.^[64]

Miami Beach is home to the Holocaust Memorial of the Greater Miami Jewish Federation.

[edit]

Miami Beach has been regarded every bit a gay mecca for decades equally well every bit being i of the most LGBT friendly cities in the United States. Miami Beach is abode to numerous gay bars and gay-specific events, and five service and resources organizations. Subsequently decades of economical and social decline, an influx of gays and lesbians moving to South Embankment in the late-1980s to mid-1990s contributed to Miami Beach's revitalization. The newcomers purchased and restored dilapidated Art Deco hotels and clubs, started numerous businesses and built political power in city and canton government.^[65]

The passage of progressive civil rights laws,^[65] election of outspokenly pro-gay Miami Beach Mayor Matti Bower, and the introduction of Miami Beach's Gay Pride Celebration, have reinvigorated the local LGBT community in recent years, which some argued had experienced a turn down in the tardily 2000s.^[66] In Jan 2010, Miami Beach passed a revised Man Rights Ordinance that strengthens enforcement of already existing human rights laws and adds protections for transgender people,^[67] making Miami Beach'south human rights laws some of the most progressive in the land.^[65]

Miami Embankment Pride has gained prominence since information technology first started in 2009, at that place has been an increment in attendance every yr. In 2013 there were more than lxxx,000 people who participated to at present more than 130,000 people that participate in the festivities every year.^[68] Information technology has also attracted many celebrities such every bit Chaz Bono,^[69] Adam Lambert,^[70] Gloria Estefan, Mario Lopez, and Elvis Duran who were Grand Marshals for Pride Weekend from 2012 through 2016^{[68] [71]} respectively. There are over 125 businesses who are LGBT supportive that sponsor Miami Beach Pride.

Geography [edit]

South Beach in March 2008

Co-ordinate to the United States Census Bureau, the metropolis has a total area of 18.7 sq mi (48.5 km^two), of which seven.0 sq mi (18.2 km²) is land and xi.7 sq mi (xxx.2 km^two) (62.37%) is water.

Elevation and tidal flooding [edit]

Sign near a project to raise the elevation of a roadway in South Beach.

Miami Beach encounters tidal flooding of sure roads during the annual king tides,^[72] though some tidal flooding has been the instance for decades,^[73] as the parts of the western side of South Beach^[74] are at virtually 0 feet (0 m) above normal high tide,^[75] with the entire metropolis averaging only 4.4 feet (i.iii m) above mean sea level (AMSL).^[76] Notwithstanding, a recent study by the Academy of Miami showed that tidal flooding became much more than common from the mid-2000s.^[77] The fall 2015 king tides exceeded expectations in longevity and height.^[78] Traditional sea level rise and storm mitigation measures including sea walls and dykes, such as those in kingdom of the netherlands and New Orleans, may not work in South Florida due to the porous nature of the ground and limestone beneath the surface.^[74]

In addition to present difficulty with below-course development, some areas of southern Florida, especially Miami Embankment, are get-go to engineer specifically for sea level rise and other potential effects of climate change. This includes a 5-year, US$500 million projection for the installation of 60 to 80 pumps, building of taller sea walls, planting of reddish mangrove trees along the sea walls, and the physical raising of road tarmac levels,^[79] as well as possible zoning and building code changes, which could eventually lead to retrofitting of existing and historic properties. Some streets and sidewalks were raised about 2.v feet (0.76 grand) over previous levels;^[73] the four initial pumps installed in 2014 are capable of pumping iv,000 US gallons per infinitesimal.^[80] However, this plan is not without criticism. Some residents worry that the efforts will non be sufficient to successfully adapt to rising body of water levels and wish the city had pursued a more aggressive program. On the other hand, some worry that the urban center is moving too quickly with untested solutions. Others yet have voiced concerns that the plan protects big-money interests in Miami Beach.^[81] Pump failures such as during construction or power outages, including a Tropical Storm Emily-related rain flood on Baronial ane, 2017, can cause cracking unexpected flooding. Combined with the higher roads and sidewalks, this leaves unchanged properties relatively lower and prone to alluvion.^[82]

Climate [edit]

According to the Köppen climate classification, Miami Embankment has a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Like much of Florida, at that place is a marked moisture and dry out flavour in Miami Beach. The tropical rainy flavour runs from May through October, when showers and late day thunderstorms are common. The dry out season is from November through Apr, when few showers, sunshine, and low humidity prevail. The island location of Miami Beach, nonetheless, creates fewer convective thunderstorms, and then Miami Beach receives less rainfall in a given twelvemonth than neighboring areas such as Miami and Fort Lauderdale. Proximity to the moderating influence of the Atlantic gives Miami Embankment lower high temperatures and higher lows than inland areas of Florida. Miami Beach is in hardiness zone 11a, with an annual mean minimum temperature of 43 °F (6 °C). Miami Embankment has never reported temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).

Miami Beach's location on the Atlantic Body of water, near its confluence with the Gulf of Mexico, go far extraordinarily vulnerable to hurricanes and tropical storms. Miami has experienced several direct hits from major hurricanes in recorded weather history – the 1906 Florida Keys hurricane, 1926 Miami hurricane, 1935 Yankee hurricane, 1941 Florida hurricane, 1948 Miami Hurricane, 1950 Hurricane King and 1964 Hurricane Cleo, the surface area has seen indirect contact from hurricanes: 1945 Homestead Hurricane, Betsy (1965), Inez (1966), Andrew (1992), Irene (1999), Michelle (2001), Katrina (2005), Wilma (2005), and Irma (2017).

Climate data for Miami Beach, Florida, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1927–nowadays
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Twelvemonth
Record high °F (°C)	87 (31)	89 (32)	92 (33)	95 (35)	98 (37)	97 (36)	98 (37)	98 (37)	96 (36)	95 (35)	92 (33)	89 (32)	98 (37)
Boilerplate high °F (°C)	73.6 (23.1)	74.8 (23.8)	76.five (24.7)	79.6 (26.4)	82.7 (28.2)	86.0 (30.0)	87.8 (31.0)	88.ane (31.2)	87.0 (xxx.6)	83.7 (28.7)	78.9 (26.1)	76.1 (24.5)	81.2 (27.3)
Daily hateful °F (°C)	67.iv (19.vii)	69.0 (xx.vi)	70.9 (21.half dozen)	74.7 (23.7)	78.2 (25.7)	81.iii (27.4)	82.9 (28.3)	83.ane (28.four)	82.i (27.8)	79.0 (26.1)	73.eight (23.2)	70.three (21.3)	76.ane (24.5)
Average low °F (°C)	61.2 (16.2)	63.three (17.4)	65.two (18.iv)	69.viii (21.0)	73.6 (23.1)	76.five (24.7)	78.0 (25.six)	78.1 (25.6)	77.two (25.i)	74.4 (23.vi)	68.half-dozen (20.3)	64.6 (18.1)	lxx.nine (21.6)
Tape low °F (°C)	32 (0)	37 (iii)	32 (0)	46 (viii)	58 (14)	58 (14)	66 (nineteen)	67 (nineteen)	67 (19)	54 (12)	39 (four)	32 (0)	32 (0)
Average atmospheric precipitation inches (mm)	2.33 (59)	2.27 (58)	2.47 (63)	3.44 (87)	4.94 (125)	vii.76 (197)	five.98 (152)	7.51 (191)	8.45 (215)	6.49 (165)	3.29 (84)	2.25 (57)	57.eighteen (i,452)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	6.viii	5.3	six.0	6.4	8.3	13.5	12.3	thirteen.iv	14.five	11.6	7.6	5.9	111.6
Source: NOAA[83] [84]

Water temperature [edit]

Boilerplate littoral water temperature for the Atlantic Sea based on historical measurements.^[85]

January	71 °F (21.7 °C)	May one–15	fourscore °F (26.7 °C)	July 16–31	86 °F (30.0 °C)	October 1–15	83 °F (28.3 °C)
February	73 °F (22.8 °C)	May xvi–31	81 °F (27.ii °C)	Baronial i–xv	86 °F (30.0 °C)	October sixteen–31	79 °F (26.ane °C)
March	75 °F (23.9 °C)	June i–15	84 °F (28.ix °C)	August 16–31	84 °F (28.ix °C)	November	76 °F (24.4 °C)
April 1–15	78 °F (25.6 °C)	June 16–30	85 °F (29.four °C)	September 1–15	84 °F (28.9 °C)	December	73 °F (22.8 °C)
April sixteen–30	78 °F (25.six °C)	July one–15	86 °F (xxx.0 °C)	September 16–30	83 °F (28.iii °C)

Surrounding areas [edit]

Demographics [edit]

Historical population
Census	Popular.		%±
1920	644		—
1930	6,494		908.4%
1940	28,012		331.iv%
1950	46,282		65.2%
1960	63,145		36.four%
1970	87,072		37.9%
1980	96,298		ten.6%
1990	92,639		−3.8%
2000	87,933		−5.1%
2010	87,779		−0.ii%
2020	82,890		−5.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[86]

2020 census [edit]

Miami Beach racial composition
(Hispanics excluded from racial categories)
(NH = Non-Hispanic)^[87]

Race	Number	Percentage
White (NH)	33,274	40.14%
Black or African American (NH)	two,201	ii.66%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)	76	0.09%
Asian (NH)	1,606	0.74%
Pacific Islander (NH)	22	0.03%
Another Race (NH)	841	ane.01%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)	ii,894	iii.49%
Hispanic or Latino	41,976	fifty.64%
Total	82,890

As of the 2020 United States census, in that location were 82,890 people, 40,084 households, and 21,028 families residing in the city.

2020 census [edit]

Miami Embankment demographics
2020 Census	Miami Beach	Miami-Dade Canton	Florida
Total population	82,890	2,701,767	21,538,187
Population, percent change, 2010 to 2020	–5.6%	+8.2%	+xiv.6%
Population density	x,774.73/sq mi	ane,492.9/sq mi	384.3/sq mi
White or Caucasian (including White Hispanic)	87.four% (2010)	73.8%	75.0%
(Not-Hispanic White or Caucasian)	40.14% (2020)	15.4%	57.9%
Black or African-American	ii.66% (2020)	18.9%	16.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	50.64% (2020)	65.0%	22.5%
Asian	1.94% (2020)	1.5%	2.4%
Native American or Native Alaskan	0.09% (2020)	0.2%	0.iv%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian	0.03% (2020)	0.0%	0.1%
Ii or more races (Multiracial)	4.51% (2020)	2.4%	2.five%
Some Other Race	0.00% (2020)	3.2%	3.6%

As of 2010^[update], those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 53.0% of Miami Beach'southward population. Out of the 53.0%, xx.0% were Cuban, 4.9% Colombian, iv.6% Argentine, 3.seven% Puerto Rican, two.4% Peruvian, ii.1% Venezuelan, ane.8% Mexican, 1.7% Honduran, 1.6% Guatemalan, 1.4% Dominican, 1.1% Uruguayan, 1.ane% Spaniard, ane.0% Nicaraguan, 0.ix% Ecuadorian and 0.8% were Chilean.^[88]

As of 2010^[update], those of African ancestry accounted for 4.iv% of Miami Beach's population, which includes African Americans. Out of the four.four%, one.3% were Black Hispanics, 0.8% were Subsaharan African, and 0.8% were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean area American (0.3% Jamaican, 0.3% Haitian, 0.1% Other or Unspecified West Indian, 0.1% Trinidadian and Tobagonian.)^{[88] [89] [90] [91]}

As of 2010^[update], those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for xl.5% of Miami Embankment'due south population. Out of the twoscore.five%, 9.0% Italian, 6.0% German, 3.8% were Irish, 3.8% Russian, iii.7% French, iii.4% Polish, iii.0% English, 1.ii% Hungarian, 0.7% Swedish, 0.6% Scottish, 0.v% Portuguese, 0.5% Dutch, 0.5% Scotch-Irish, and 0.5% were Norwegian.^{[89] [ninety]}

As of 2010^[update], those of Asian ancestry accounted for 1.ix% of Miami Embankment's population. Out of the 1.ix%, 0.vi% were Indian, 0.iv% Filipino, 0.three% Other Asian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.one% Korean, and 0.1% were Vietnamese.^[89]

In 2010, 2.eight% of the population considered themselves to be of simply American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity), and i.5% were of Arab beginnings (with the majority of them beingness of Palestinian and Lebanese descent), every bit of 2010^[update].^{[89] [90]}

Equally of 2010^[update], there were 67,499 households, while 30.1% were vacant. 13.eight% had children nether the age of 18 living with them, 26.iii% were married couples living together, eight.4% had a female person householder with no hubby present, and 61.1% were not-families. 49.0% of all households were fabricated up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living lone who was 65 years of age or older (4.0% male and 8.0% female.) The average household size was ane.84 and the average family unit size was 2.70.^{[89] [92]}

In 2010, the city population was spread out, with 12.eight% under the age of 18, vii.iv% from xviii to 24, 38.0% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median historic period was 40.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, at that place were 111.0 males.^{[89] [92]}

As of 2010^[update], the median income for a household in the city was $43,538, and the median income for a family unit was $52,104. Males had a median income of $42,605 versus $36,269 for females. The per capita income for the metropolis was $40,515. Most 10.9% of families and 15.six% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.0% of those under age 18 and 27.5% of those aged 65 or over.^[93]

In 2010, 51.7% of the city'due south population was foreign-born. Of foreign-born residents, 76.9% were built-in in Latin America and xiii.6% were born in Europe, with smaller percentages from North America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.^[xc]

As of 2000, speakers of Castilian at habitation accounted for 54.90% of residents, while those who spoke exclusively English fabricated up 32.76%. Speakers of Portuguese were 3.38%, French ane.66%, German 1.12%, Italian ane.00%, and Russian 0.85% of the population. Due to the big Jewish customs, Yiddish was spoken at the home of 0.81% of the population, and Hebrew was the female parent tongue of 0.75%.^[94]

As of 2000, Miami Beach had the 22nd highest concentration of Cuban residents in the United States, at 20.51% of the population.^[95] It had the 28th highest percentage of Colombian residents, at four.40% of the urban center's population,^[96] and was tied with two other locations for the 14th highest percentage of Brazilian residents, at 2.20% of its population.^[97] Information technology also had the 27th largest concentration of Peruvian ancestry, at 1.85%,^[98] and the 27th highest percentage of people of Venezuelan heritage, at i.79%.^[99] Miami Beach also has the 33rd highest concentration of Honduran beginnings at i.21%^[100] and the 41st highest percentage of Nicaraguan residents, which made up 1.03% of the population.^[101]

Transportation [edit]

Public Transportation in Miami Embankment is operated past Miami-Dade Transit (MDT). Along with neighborhoods such equally Downtown and Brickell, public transit is heavily used in Miami Beach and is a vital part of city life. Although Miami Beach has no direct Metrorail stations, numerous Metrobus lines connect to Downtown Miami and Metrorail (i.e., the 'S' autobus line). The South Beach Local (SBL) is one of the most heavily used lines in Miami and connects all major points of Southward Embankment to other major charabanc lines in the city. Metrobus ridership in Miami Embankment is high, with some of the routes such as the L and S existence the busiest Metrobus routes.^[102]

The Aerodrome-Beach Express (Road 150), operated by MDT, is a straight-service omnibus line that connects Miami International Airdrome to major points in South Beach. The ride costs $2.65, and runs every 30 minutes from six:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.1000. vii days a calendar week.^[103]

Bicycling [edit]

Since the belatedly 20th century, cycling has grown in popularity in Miami Embankment. Due to its dumbo, urban nature, and pedestrian-friendly streets, many Miami Beach residents become around past bicycle.

In March 2011 a public bike sharing system named Decobike was launched, one of only a handful of such programs in the United States. The program is operated by a private corporation, Decobike, LLC, but is partnered with the City of Miami Beach in a revenue-sharing model.^[104] One time fully implemented, the program hopes to accept around yard bikes attainable from 100 stations throughout Miami Beach, from around 85th Street on the due north side of Miami Beach all the way s to South Pointe Park.^[105]

Pedagogy [edit]

Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves Miami Embankment.

• North Beach Unproblematic
• Treasure Island Simple
• South Pointe Elementary
• Mater Beach Academy
• Biscayne Elementary
• Fienberg/Fisher Thousand–viii Center
• Nautilus Middle School
• Miami Embankment Senior High School

Private schools include Rabbi Alexander S. Gross Hebrew Academy, St. Patrick Cosmic School, Landow Yeshiva – Lubavitch Educational Center (Klurman Mesivta Loftier School for Boys and Beis Chana Heart and High School for Girls), and Mechina Loftier School.^{[ commendation needed ]} The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami operates St. Patrick Catholic School in Miami Embankment. The archdiocese formerly operated Saint Joseph School in Miami Beach.^[106]

In the early history of Miami Beach, there was one uncomplicated schoolhouse and the Ida Yard. Fisher inferior-senior loftier school.^[107] The building of Miami Beach Loftier was constructed in 1926, and classes began in 1928.^[108]

Colleges and universities [edit]

The Florida International Academy Schoolhouse of Architecture has a sis campus at 420 Lincoln Route in South Beach, with classroom spaces for FIU compages, fine art, music and theater graduate students.^[109]

Other Colleges include:

• Johnson & Wales University (satellite campus endmost at the end of the 2020–2021 schoolhouse yr.)^[110]

Neighborhoods [edit]

A portion of the southern office of the South Beach skyline every bit seen from Biscayne Bay. Photo: Marc Averette

The northernmost section of the metropolis referred to as North Beach

Due south Embankment [edit]

• Belle Island
• City Center
• Di Lido Island
• Flagler Monument Island
• Flamingo/Lummus
• Hibiscus Island
• Palm Island
• Rivo Alto Isle
• San Marino Isle
• Star Island
• South of Fifth

Mid-Beach [edit]

• Oceanfront
• Bayshore
• Nautilus

Due north Beach [edit]

• Biscayne Point
• Isle of Normandy
• La Gorce
• N Shore

Points of interest [edit]

• Bass Museum
• Eden Roc (hotel)
• The Fillmore Miami Beach (originally the Miami Beach Municipal Auditorium)
• Flagler Monument Island
• Fontainebleau Hotel
• Versace Mansion (Casa Casuarina)
• Holocaust Memorial
• Jewish Museum of Florida
• Lincoln Road
• Miami Beach Architectural District
• Miami Beach Botanical Garden
• North Beach
• Ocean Drive
• South Beach
• Due south Pointe Park
• Wolfsonian-FIU Museum
• World Erotic Art Museum Miami
• The Setai Hotel

Notable people [edit]

• George Abbott, playwright, screenwriter, producer, and director
• George Ade (1866–1944), writer
• Moses Annenberg, paper publisher
• Desi Arnaz (1917–1986), entertainer
• Shmuley Boteach (built-in 1966), Orthodox rabbi, radio and television host, and author^[111]
• Walter Briggs, Sr., entrepreneur, possessor of the Detroit Tigers
• Douglas Isaac Busch, photographer and teacher
• Barbara Baer Capitman, historic preservation activist, writer
• Al Capone (1899–1947), mobster
• David Caruso, role player and producer, star of NYPD Blue and CSI: Miami
• John S. Collins, horticulturist
• Kent Cooper, Associated Press
• James Chiliad. Cox, Governor of Ohio and presidential candidate
• Andrew Cunanan, series killer
• Ron Dermer (born 1971), Israeli Ambassador to the US
• Harvey Firestone, Firestone Tires
• Carl Graham Fisher, programmer of Miami Beach
• Frank Gannett, Gannett Media Corporation
• Jackie Gleason, comedian, actor. Television set host (Jackie Gleason and His American Scene Magazine 1964–1966, The Jackie Gleason Show 1966–1970)
• Tony Goldman, real manor developer
• Ronald Green (1944–2012), American-Israeli basketball player
• Gabriel Heatter, radio commentator
• Jerry Herman, Broadway composer
• John D. Hertz, Hertz Rental Cars
• Nunnally Johnson, film director
• Southward.South. Kresge, retailer
• Meyer Lansky (1902–1983), mobster
• Albert Lasker, businessman
• Ring Lardner (1885–1933), author
• Dan Le Batard, ESPN Radio & Tv set host
• Bernarr MacFadden, bodybuilder, owner of the Deauville Hotel
• Floyd Mayweather Jr., boxer
• Alex Omes, co-founder of Ultra Music Festival
• Yaxeni Oriquen-Garcia, IFBB professional bodybuilder
• James Cash Penney, department store magnate
• Irving Jacob Reuter, General Motors
• Grantland Rice, sportswriter
• Knute Rockne, football player and coach
• Damon Runyon, newspaperman and writer
• Nicholas Schenck, MGM studios
• Dutch Schultz, mobster
• Robin Sherwood, actress
• Sid Tepper, Songwriter
• Gianni Versace (1946–1997), mode designer
• Betty Viana-Adkins, IFBB professional bodybuilder
• Neal Walk (1948–2015), basketball player
• Albert Warner, Warner Brothers studio founder
• Walter Winchell, columnist
• Garfield Wood, inventor

Sister cities [edit]

Miami Beach has 12 sister cities^[112]

• Brampton, Canada^[113]
• Almonte, Espana
• Marbella, Spain
• Fortaleza, Brazil
• Santa Marta, Republic of colombia
• Český Krumlov, Czech Democracy
• Nahariya, Israel
• Pescara, Italy
• Fujisawa, Nippon
• Cozumel, United mexican states
• Ica, Peru
• Basel, Switzerland
• Asmara, Eritrea^[114]

Tourism [edit]

The City of Miami Embankment accounts for more half of tourism to Miami Dade County. Of the 15.86 million people staying in the county in 2017, 58.5% lodged in Miami Beach. Resort taxes account for over 10% of the urban center's operating upkeep, providing $83 million in the financial year 2016–2017. On average, the city'due south resort tax revenue grows past three to v per centum annually. Miami Beach hosts 13.3 1000000 visitors each year. In fiscal year 2016/2017, Miami Beach had over 26,600 hotel rooms. Average occupancy in fiscal twelvemonth 2015/2016 was 76.iv% and 78.5% in fiscal twelvemonth 2016/2017.^[115] Mayor Harold Rosen is credited with start the revitalization of Miami Beach when he notably abolished hire control in 1976, a motility that was highly controversial at the fourth dimension.^{[116] [117]}

[edit]

The Miami Beach Visitor and Convention Authorization is a 7-fellow member board, appointed by the City of Miami Beach Commission. The authorization, established in 1967 by the State of Florida legislature, is the official marketing and public relations system for the city, to support its tourism industry.^[118]

See also [edit]

• 8th & Ocean
• Collins Bridge
• Causeways
  • Julia Tuttle Causeway
  • Macarthur Causeway
  • Venetian Causeway
• Doral Hotel
• List of mayors of Miami Embankment, Florida
• List of tallest buildings in Miami Beach
• List of upscale shopping districts
• Miami Beach Constabulary Section
• Miami Modern Architecture
• Miami-Dade County
• Sea Drive
• Rosie the Elephant
• South Beach Tow
• Spring Break
• A Hole in the Head, 1959 comedy pic
• The Bellboy, 1960 comedy picture
• Fair Game, 1995 moving-picture show

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Bibliography [edit]

• Miami City Directory, including Miami Beach and Coconut Grove. R.50. Polk & Co. 1919.
  • 1920 ed.
• Federal Writers' Project (1939). "Miami Beach". Florida: a Guide to the Southernmost Land. American Guide Serial. New York: Oxford Academy Press.
• Cerise Leach Carson (1955). "Xl Years of Miami Beach" (PDF). Tequesta. Historical Clan of Southern Florida. ISSN 0363-3705 – via Florida International University.
• Abraham D. Lavander (2002). Miami Embankment in 1920: The Making of a Winter Resort. Arcadia. ISBN978-0-7385-2351-4.
• Seth Bramson (2005). Miami Beach. Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia. ISBN9780738541747.
• Paul T. Hellmann (2006). "Florida: Miami Beach". Historical Gazetteer of the United states. Taylor & Francis. ISBN1-135-94859-3.
• Patricia Kennedy (2006). Miami Beach. Arcadia Publishing, Images of America series, 2006. ISBN9780738524818.
• Carolyn Klepser (2014). Lost Miami Embankment. Charleston, Due south Carolina: History Press. ISBN978-one-62584-959-5.

Gallery [edit]

• 

  The Art Deco Commune at South Beach during the day.

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  Lifeguard stand at the South Pointe Beach

External links [edit]

Official sites [edit]

• Metropolis of Miami Beach

Photos [edit]

• Miami Beach Architecture Photos
• Photographs of Miami Beach From the State Library & Archives of Florida
• Photos of Miami Embankment, Miami and surrounding areas

Other [edit]

• Miami Design Preservation League – Not-turn a profit Organization for the preservation of Miami Beach Architectural History
• Miami'south Southeast Coast – Biscayne Bay Watershed – Florida DEP
• "(Miami Embankment)". Florida Memory. Florida Department of State, Division of Library and Information Services.
• Items related to Miami Beach, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
• Harris, Alex. "Miami Beach Is Waging War on Sea Rise. Ane Idea: Turn a Golf Course into Wetlands." Miamiherald, Miami Herald, twenty Sept. 2019, Wildflower Preserve - Lemon Bay Conservancy. Wildflower Preserve.

Wood, Travis. "Equally Hundreds of Golf Courses Close, Nature Gets a Chance to Make a Comeback." Ensia, As hundreds of golf game courses shut, nature gets a chance to brand a comeback.

moorehaoreas2000.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida

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